Aqueous cadmium removal by hydroxylapatite and fluoroapatite
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2012.38.4.427Keywords:
Ca-Cd phosphate, mineral dissolution, immobilizationAbstract
Reducing the bioavailability of toxic heavy metals in groundwaters and urban soils by phosphate addition is an effective technique described in the literature. It is based on the reaction between metal ions and phosphates and results in the precipitation of metal substituted phosphate phases. The formed phosphates are highly insoluble and thermodynamically stable over almost entire pH and Eh range. In the presented study the efficiency and mechanism of cadmium uptake by synthetic hydroxylapatite and natural fluoroapatite was examined within the pH range of 3-7 for different reaction times (2—1440 hours). The solids after reactions were characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS. Percentage reduction of cadmium concentration in the experiments with fluoroapatite and hydroxylapatite, regardless of pH, did not exceed 17% and 25%, respectively. Cadmium uptake from the solution mainly resulted from the formation of cadmium phosphates and/or Ca-Cd phosphate solid solutions on the apatites surface. The release rate of phosphate ions by hydroxylapatite was relatively high. This promoted crystallization of a large number of small crystals. In turn dissolution of fluoroapatite was slower and thus the formation of large crystals was observed. There was no clear evidence for cadmium-calcium ion-exchange mechanism.Downloads
References
Adriano D.C., 2001. Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments: Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability and Risks of Metals. Springer, New York.
Alloway B.J., 1995. Heavy Metals in Soils. Blackie Academic and Professional, Glasgow, UK.
Arends J.A., Christoffersen J., Christoffersen M.R., Eckert H., Fowler B.O., Heughebaert J.C., Nancollas G.H., Yesinowski J.P. & Zawacki S.J., 1987. A calcium hydroxylapatite precipitated from an aqueous solution. Journal of Crystal Growth, 84, 515-532.
Basta N.T., Gradwohl R., Snethen K.L. & Schroder J.L., 2001. Chemical immobilization of lead, zinc and cadmium in smelter-contaminated soils using biosolids and rock phosphate. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30, 1222-1230.
Basta N.T. & McGowen S.L., 2004. Evaluation of chemical immobilization treatments for reducing heavy metal transport in a smelter-contaminated soil. Environmental Pollution, 127, 73-82.
Berner R.A., 1981. Kinetics of weathering and diagenesis. Reviews in Mineralogy, 8, 69-110.
Chien S.H., Wier D.R. & Black C.A., 1975. Supersaturation phenomena and the formation of fluorapatite in aqueous suspensions of phosphate rock. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 39, 43-47.
Christoffersen J., Christoffersen M.R. & Johansen T., 1996. Kinetics of growth and dissolution of fluorapatite. Journal of Crystal Growth, 163, 295-303.
Cotter-Howells J., 1996. Lead phosphate formation in soils. Environmental Pollution, 93, 9-16.
Fedoroff M., Jeanjean J., Rouchaud J.C. & Mazerolles L., 1999. Sorption kinetics and diffusion of cadmium in calcium hydroxyapatites. Solid State Science, 1, 71-84.
Flick D.F., Kray Bill H.F. & Dimitroff J.M., 1971. Toxic effects of cadmium: a review. Environmental Research, 4, 71-85.
Jeanjean J., McGrellis S., Rouchaud J.C., Fedoroff M., Rondeau A., Perocheau S. & Dubis A., 1996. A crystallographic study of the sorption of cadmium on calcium hydroxyapatites: Incidence of cationic vacancies. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 126, 195-201.
Kabata-Pendias A. & Pendias H., 1993. Biogeochemia pierwiastków śladowych. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.
Lambert M., Pierzynski G., Erickson L. & Schnoor J., 1997. Remediation of lead-, zinc-and cadmium contaminated soils. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, 7, 91-102.
Lenoble V., Deluchat V., Serpaud B., & Bollinger J.C., 2003. Arsenite oxidation and arsenate determination by the molybdene blue method. Talanta, 61, 267-276.
Levi-Minzi R. & Petruzzelli G., 1984. The influence of phosphate fertilizers on Cd solubility in soil. Water Air Soil Pollution, 23, 423-429.
Lindsay W.L., 1979. Chemical equilibria in soils. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
Lower S.K., Maurice P.A. & Traina S.J., 1998. Simultaneous dissolution of hydroxylapatite and precipitation of hydroxylpyromorphite: direct evidence of homogeneous nucleation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62, 1773-1780.
Lundager Madsen H.E., Abbona Y. & Barrese E. 2004. Effects of cadmium on crystallization of calcium phosphates. Crystal Research and Technology, 39, 235-239.
Lusvardi G., Malavasi G., Menabue L. & Saladini M., 2002. Removal of cadmium ions by means of cadmium hydroxyapatite. Waste Management, 22, 853-857.
McGrellis S., Serafini J.N., Jeanjean J., Pastol J.L. & Fedoroff M., 2001. Influence of the sorption protocol on the uptake of cadmium ions in calcium hydroxyapatite. Separation and Purification Technology, 24, 129-138.
Ma Q.Y., Logan T.J. & Traina S.J., 1995. Lead immobilization from aqueous solutions and contaminated soils using phosphate rocks. Environmental Science and Technology, 29, 1118-1126.
Ma Q.Y., Traina S.J., Logan T.J. & Ryan J.A., 1993. In situ lead immobilization by apatite. Environmental Science and Technology, 27, 1803-1810.
Manecki M., Bogucka A., Bajda T., Borkiewicz O., 2006. Decrease of Pb bioavailability in soils by addition of phosphate ions. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 3, 178-181.
Manecki M., Maurice P.A. & Traina S.J., 2000a. Uptake of aqueous Pb by Cl- , F- and OH- apatites: Mineralogic evidence for nucleation mechanisms. American Mineralogist, 85, 932-942.
Manecki M., Maurice P.A. & Traina S.J., 2000b. Kinetics of aqueous Pb reaction with apatites. Soil Science, 165, 920-933.
Marchat D., Bernache-Assollant D. & Champion E., 2007. Cadmium fixation by synthetic hydroxyapatite in aqueous solution - Thermal behaviour. Journal of Hazardous Materials, A139, 453-460.
Matusik J., Bajda T. & Manecki M., 2008. Immoblization of aqueous cadmium by addtion of phosphates. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152, 1332-1339.
McGowen S.L., Basta N.T. & Brown G.O., 2001. Use of diammonium phosphate to reduce heavy metal solubility and transport in smelter-contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30, 493-500.
Narasaraju T.S.B., Chickerur N.S. & Singh R.P., 1971. pH-dependence of solubilities of solid solutions of calcium and strontium hydroxylapatites. Journal of Inorganic & Nuclear Chemistry, 33, 3194-3197.
Narasaraju T.S.B. & Phebe D.E., 1996. Some physico-chemical aspects of hydroxylapatite. Journal of Materials Science, 31, 1—21.
Nriagu J.O., 1984. Formation and stability of base metal phosphates in soils and sediments, [in:] Nriagu J.O. & Moore P.B. (eds), Phosphate Minerals, Springer-Verlag, London, 318-329.
Raicevic S., Kaludjerovic-Radoicic T. & Zouboulis A.I., 2005. In situ stabilization of toxic metals in polluted soils using phosphates: theoretical prediction and experimental verification. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B117, 41-53.
Ruby M.V., Davis A. & Nicholson A., 1994. In situ formation of lead phosphates in soil as a method to immobilize lead. Environmental Science and Technology, 28, 646-654.
Shashkova I.L., Rat'ko A.I. & Kitikova N.V., 1990. Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by alkaline-earth metal phosphates. Colloid Surface, A160, 207-215.
Smith A.N., Posner A.M. & Quirk J.P., 1977. A model describing the kinetics of dissolution of hydroxylapatite. Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 62, 475-494.
Xu Y., & Schwartz F.W., 1994. Lead immobilization by hydroxyapatite in aqueous solutions. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 15, 187-206.
Zhang P.C., Ryan J.A. & Bryndzia L.T., 1997. Pyromorphite formation from goethite adsorbed lead. Environmental Science and Technology, 31, 2673-2678.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors have full copyright and property rights to their work. Their copyrights to store the work, duplicate it in printing (as well as in the form of a digital CD recording), to make it available in the digital form, on the Internet and putting into circulation multiplied copies of the work worldwide are unlimited.
The content of the journal is freely available according to the Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
