3D Block Modelling of the Sin Quyen IOCG Deposit, North Vietnam
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2023.49.2.175Keywords:
North Vietnam, iron oxide copper deposits, 3D model, resources, deposit developmentAbstract
The IOCG Sin Quyen deposit is located in the Red River shear zone of North Vietnam. The ore bodies are known as hydrothermal veins and are hosted in Proterozoic metapelite. A block modelling approach was used to build a 3D model of the ore bodies. An analysis was carried out on SurferR 11 computer software using the archival data recorded from several dozen boreholes distributed within the study area, as well as data obtained from the mineral and chemical analysis of 50 samples collected recently in the deposit. The ore bodies generally trend in a NW-SE direction with an average azimuth of 107° and a dip of around 70°. Cu content in the ore bodies is inhomogeneous. In the bed extension direction, the exponential correlation of Cu concentration in ore bodies is recognized within 2,500 m, while in the direction perpendicular to the bed strike, the exponential dependence is observed at 500 m of distance. The high-grade mineralisation of copper within the ore bodies is often at the altitude interval from ∼100 m to ∼150 m above sea level (asl). These bodies are also rich in uranium and gold-bearing minerals. The total resources of Cu, U and Ag were estimated and amounted to 361,000; 12.7 and 11.87 tonnes respectively. The model indicates the downward extension of some ore bodies to below 300 m beneath the ground surface.
Downloads
References
Antonenko A.A., Zhukov N.M., Pavlova Z.N. & Gikolova T.V., 2020. The Varvarinskoye complex copper-gold deposit in Northern Kazakhstan: Mineral types and ore composition. Geology of Ore Deposits, 62, 314–331. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1075701520030022.
Barton M.D. & Johnson D.A., 2004. Footprints of Fe-oxide (-Cu-Au) system. [in:] Knox-Robinson C.M. (ed.), SEG 2004: Predictive Mineral Discovery Under Cover: Extended Abstracts, Centre for Global Metallogeny, the University of Western Australia Publication, 33, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 112–116.
Behera S.G. & Sarkar B.C., 2021. Geostastical modelling and vertical effect analysis of a Ferruginous East Coast bauxite deposit, India. Geology of Ore Deposits, 63, 269–285. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1075701521030028.
Calcagno P., Courrioux G., Guillen A. & Chiles J.P., 2008. Geological modelling from field data and geological knowledge. Part I. modelling method coupling 3D potential field interpolation and geological rules. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 171, 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2008.06.013.
Cheng F., Liu J., Wang J., Zong Y. & Yu M., 2016. Multi-hole seismic modeling in 3-D space and cross-hole seismic tomography analysis for boulder detection. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 134, 246–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.09.014.
Duong V.H., Trinh P.T., Thanh N.D., Piestrzynski A., Nguyen D.C., Pieczonka J., Dac N.X. et al., 2021a. Cu-Au mineralization of the Sin Quyen deposit in north Vietnam: A product of Cenozoic left-lateral movement along the Red River shear zone. Ore Geology Reviews, 132, 104065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104065.
Duong V.H., Nguyen D.C., Piestrzyński A. & Pieczonka J., 2021b. Relationship between selected major, minor, and trace elements in iron oxide–copper–gold deposits, an example from the unique Sin Quyen Deposit (Lào Cai Province, North Vietnam). Russian Geology & Geophysics, 62(11), 1214–1228. https://doi.org/10.2113/RGG20194156
Duran E.R., di Primio R., Anka Z., Stoddart D. & Horsfield B., 2013. 3D-basin modelling of the Hammerfest Basin (southwestern Barents Sea): A quantitative assessment of petroleum generation, migration and leakage. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 45, 281–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.04.023.
Faure M., Lepvrier C., Nguyen V.V., Vu T.V., Lin W. & Chen Z., 2014. The South China block-Indochina collision: Where, when, and how? Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 79(A), 260–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.09.022.
Gas’kov I.V., Tuan-Anh T., Hoa T.T., Thi Dung P., Nevol’ko P.A. & Ngoc Can P., 2012. The Sin Quyen Cu-Fe-Au-REE deposit (northern Vietnam): composition and formation conditions. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 53(5), 442–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2012.03.005.
Gongwen W., Shouting Z., Changhai Y., Yaowu S., Yue S., Dong L. & Fengming X., 2011. Mineral potential targeting and resource assessment based on 3D geological modeling in Luanchuan region, China. Computers & Geosciences, 37(12), 1976–1988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.05.007.
Gulbin Y.L. & Mikhalsky E.V., 2020. Modeling of mineral parageneses and thermobarometry of metavolcanic rocks of the Ruker Group in the Southern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica. Geology of Ore Deposits, 62(7), 584–598. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1075701520070053.
Gumiel P., Arias M. & Martín-Izard A., 2010. 3D geological modelling of a polyphase deformed pre-Variscan IOCG mineralization located at the southeastern border of the Ossa Morena Zone, Iberian Massif (Spain). Geological Journal, 45(5–6), 623–633. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1192.
Hitzman M.W., 2000. Iron oxide-Cu-Au deposits: what, where, when, and why. [in:] Porter, T.M. (ed.), Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold & Related Deposits: A Global Perspective. Vol. 1, PGC Publishing, Adelaide, 9–25.
Hitzman M.W., Oreskes N. & Einaudi M.T., 1992. Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of Proterozoic iron oxide (Cu-U-Au-REE) deposits. [in:] Gaál G. & Schulz K. (eds.), Precambrian Metallogeny Related to Plate Tectonics, Precambrian Research, 58(1–4), Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 241–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(92)90121-4.
Huang H.H., Xu Z.J., Wu Y.M., Song X., Huang B.S. & Nguyen L.M., 2013. First local seismic tomography for Red River shear zone, northern Vietnam: Stepwise Kriging employing crustal P and Pn waves. Tectonophysics, 584, 230–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.03.030.
Ishihara S., Hirano H., Hoshino M., Ngoc Can P., Thi Dung P. & Tuan-Anh T., 2011. Mineralogical and chemical characteristics of the allanite-rich Cu and iron ores from the Sin Quyen mine, northern Vietnam. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, 62(5–6), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.9795/bullgsj.62.197.
Jalloh A.B., Sasaki K., Jalloh Y. & Barrie A.K., 2016. Integrating artificial neural networks and geostatistics for optimum 3D geological block modelling in mineral reserve estimation: A case study. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 26(4), 581–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2016.05.008.
Kaufmann O. & Martin T., 2008. 3D geological modelling from boreholes, cross-sections and geological maps, application over former natural gas storages in coal mines. Computers & Geosciences, 34(3), 278–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2007.09.005.
Kuma A. & Dimitrakopoulos R., 2022. Updating geostatistically simulated models of mineral deposits in real-time with incoming new information using actor-critic reinforcement learning. Computers & Geosciences, 158, 104962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2021.104962.
Le Carlier de Veslud C., Cuney M., Lorilleux G., Royer J.J. & Jébrak M., 2009. 3D modelling of uranium-bearing-solution collapse breccias in Proterozoic sandstones (Athabasca basin, Canada) Metallogenic interpretations. Computers & Geosciences, 35(1), 92–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2007.09.008.
Leloup P.H., Lacassin R., Tapponnier P., Schärer U., Zhong D., Liu X., Zhang L. et al., 1995. The Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone (Yunnan, China), Tertiary transform boundary of Indochina. Tectonophysics, 251(1–4), 13–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00070-4.
Lemon A.M. & Jones N.L., 2003. Building solid models from boreholes and user-defined cross-sections. Computers & Geosciences, 29(5), 547–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00051-7.
Lepvrier C., Van Vuong N., Maluski H., Truong Thi P. & Van Vu T., 2008. Indosinian tectonics in Vietnam. Comtes Redus Geoscience, 340(2–3), 94–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2007.10.005.
Li Q., Zhang Z., Geng X., Li C., Liu F., Chai F. & Yang F., 2014. Geology and Geochemistry of the Qiaoxiahala Fe-Cu-Au deposit, Junggar region, northwest China. Ore Geology Reviews, 57, 462–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.08.003.
Li X.C. & Zhou M.F., 2018. The nature and origin of hydrothermal REE mineralization in the Sin Quyen deposit, Northwestern Vietnam. Economic Geology, 113(3), 645–673. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2018.4565.
Liangming L., Jianfeng L., Ruichao Z. & Tao S., 2016. 3D modeling of the porphyry-related Dawangding gold deposit in south China: Implications for ore genesis and resources evaluation. Journal for Environmental and Economic Geochemistry, 164, 164–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.11.002.
Liu J., Tran M.D., Tang Y., Nguyen Q.L., Tran T.H., Wu W., Chen J. et al., 2012. Permo-Triassic granitoids in the northern part of the Truong Son belt, NW Vietnam: Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic implications. Gondwana Research, 122(2), 628–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2011.10.011.
Mallet J.L., 1997. Discrete modeling for natural objects. Mathematical Geology, 29, 199–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02769628.
Martín-Izard A., Arias D., Arias M., Gumiel P., Sanderson D.J., Castañon C., Lavandeira A. & Sanchez J., 2015. A new 3D geological model and interpretation of structural evolution of the world-class Rio Tinto VSM deposit, Iberian Pyrite Belt (Spain). Ore Geology Reviews, 71, 457–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.06.006.
Maxelon M., Renard P., Courrioux G., Brändli M. & Mancktelow N., 2009. A workflow to facilitate three-dimensional geometrical modelling of complex poly-deformed geological units. Computers & Geosciences, 35(3), 644–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2008.06.005.
McLean R.N., 2001. The Sin Quyen iron oxide-Cu-gold-rare earth oxide mineralisation of North Vietnam. [in:] Porter T.M. (ed.), Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold & Related Deposits: A Global Perspective. Vol. 2, PGC Publishing, Adelaide, 293–301.
Nieć M., Mucha J., Sobczyk E. & Wasilewska-Błaszczyk M., 2012. Metodyka dokumentowania złóż kopalin stałych. Część IV: Szacowanie zasobów [Methodology of geological reporting of mineral deposits. Pt. 4, Resource estimation]. Wydawnictwo IGSMiE PAN, Kraków.
Nielsen S.H., Cunningham F., Hay R., Partington G. & Stokes M., 2015. 3D protectivity modelling of orogenic gold in the Marymia Inlier, Western Australia. Ore Geology Review, 71, 578–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.02.001.
Perin M., Zhu B., Rainaud J.-F. & Schneider S., 2005. Knowledge-driven application for geological modelling. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 47(1–2), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2004.11.010.
Pham T.H., 2015a. The geological characteristics and copper potential reserve below 150 m deep level at the Sin Quyen Copper deposit, Lao Cai province, Northwestern Vietnam. UMG, Hanoi [MSc thesis, in Vietnamese].
Pham T.H., 2015b. The Ngoi Chi Formation in Fan Si Pan area of Northwest Vietnam revealed by zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotope composition. Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 36(6), 755–760. https://doi.org/10.3975/cagsb.2015.06.07
Pham T.H., Chen F.K., Thuy N.T.B., Cuong N.Q. & Li S.Q., 2013. Geochemistry and zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic composition of Permian alkali granitoids of the Phan Si Pan zone in northwest Vietnam. Journal of Geodynamics, 69, 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.03.002.
Pieczonka J., Nguyen C.D., Piestrzyński A. & Le P.K., 2019. Timing of ore mineralization using ore mineralogy and U-Pb dating, Iron Ox ide Cop per Gold Sin Quyen de posit, North Vietnam. Geological Quarterly, 63(4), 861–874. https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1507.
Roger F., Maluski H., Lepvrier C., Vu Van T. & Paquette J.L., 2012. LA-ICPMS zircon U/Pb dating of Permo-Triassic and Cretaceous magmatisms in Northern Vietnam – Geodynamical implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 49, 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.12.012.
Sandrin A., Edfelt A., Waight T.E., Berggren R. & Elming S.-A., 2009. Physical properties and petrologic description of rock samples from an IOCG mineralized area in the northern Fennoscandian Shield, Sweden. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 103(2–3), 80–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2009.07.002.
Sillitoe R.H., 2003. Iron oxide-copper-gold deposits: an Adrean view. Mineralium Deposita, 38, 787–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-003-0379-7.
Sirakov N.M. & Muge F.H., 2001. A system for reconstructing and visualising 3D objects. Computers & Geosciences, 27(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(00) 00055-8.
Stein M.L., 1999. Interpolation of Spatial Data: Some Theory for Kriging. Springer, New York.
Ta V.D., 1975. Report of geological surveys and their results performed at the IOCG Sin Quyen deposit in Lao Cai, North Vietnam. Main Department of Geology of Vietnam [in Vietnamese].
Tapponnier P., Lacassin R., Leloup P.H., Schärer U., Dalai Z., Haiwei W. & Xiaohan L., 1990. The Ailao Shan/Red River metamorphic belt: Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and South China. Nature, 343, 431–437. https://doi.org/10.1038/343431a0.
Tong-Dzuy T., Janvier P. & Ta H.P., 1996. Fish suggest continental connections between the Indochina and South China blocks in Middle Devonian time. Geology, 24(6), 571–574. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0571:FSCCBT>2.3.CO;2.
Vollgger S.A., Cruden A.R., Ailleres L. & Cowan E.J., 2015. Regional dome evolution and its control on ore-grade distribution: Insights from 3D implicit modelling of the Navachab gold deposit, Namibia. Ore Geology Reviews, 69, 268–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.02.020
Wackernagel H., 2003. Multivariate Geostatistics: An Introduction with Applications. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Wang G., Zhang S., Yan C., Song Y., Sun Y., Li D. & Xu F., 2015. 3D geological modeling for prediction of subsurface Mo targets in the Luanchuan district, China. Ore Geology Reviews, 71, 592–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.03.002.
Weihed P., Eilu P., Larsen R.B., Stendal H. & Tontti M., 2008. Metallic mineral deposits in the Nordic countries. Episodes, 31(1), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i1/017.
Wellmann F. & Caumon G., 2018. 3-D Structural Geological Models: Concepts, Methods, and Uncertainties. Advances in Geophysics, 59, 1–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agph.2018.09.001.
Wu J., Sun Y., Wang B., Wang Y., Xu L. & Dai C., 2012. 3D geological modeling of fractured volcanic reservoir bodies in Block DX18 in Junggar Basin, NW China. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 39(1), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(12)60020-2.
Zhao X.F. & Zhou M.F., 2011. Fe-Cu deposits in the Kangdian region, SW China: a Proterozoic IOCG (iron-oxide-copper-gold) metallogenic province. Mineralium Deposita, 46, 731–747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-011-0342-y.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors have full copyright and property rights to their work. Their copyrights to store the work, duplicate it in printing (as well as in the form of a digital CD recording), to make it available in the digital form, on the Internet and putting into circulation multiplied copies of the work worldwide are unlimited.
The content of the journal is freely available according to the Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
