Variability of pesticide residues in geological profiles (0–120 cm) – preliminary study on experimental fields at Winna Góra (Poland)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2026.52.2.147Keywords:
pesticides in soils, vertical distribution of pesticides, migration of pesticides, topographyAbstract
Technological progress and the growing demand for food have led to increasing pesticide use, resulting in their frequent detection in soils, surface waters, and groundwater. However, studies on their migration into deeper soil profile layers remain limited, particularly for a broad range of pesticides. Therefore, in this study, conducted under controlled conditions at the Field Experimental Station in Winna Góra (central Poland), the vertical and spatial distribution of a broad range of pesticide residues in soils was examined. Soil samples were collected every 20 cm down to a depth of 120 cm from two boreholes at each of three fields: EF17, EF49, and EF83. A total of nearly 400 pesticides were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Twenty-three substances were identified. Among the detected compounds, fungicides (64%) and herbicides (32%) dominated. The total concentrations of substances in the analyzed soils from individual boreholes ranged from 110.63 to 980.01 μg/kg. Most compounds were detected within the upper 40 cm of the soil profile, while below this depth residues such as dimethomorph, chloridazon, fenpropimorph, fluopicolide, fluxapyroxad, metribuzin, and the metabolite 2,6-dichlorobenzamide were found. No substances were detected in the 100–120 cm interval. The obtained results highlight the importance of topography and lithology for the spatial and vertical migration of pesticides. No significant effect of pHKCl on pesticide migration within the soil profile was observed. The conducted study represents one of the first such broad investigations addressing pesticide migration into deeper parts of soil profiles and emphasizes that, even in the case of glacial tills, the potential risk to shallow groundwater may still be significant.
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