Integration of seismic and well data for a 3D model of the Balkassar anticline (Potwar sub-basin, Pakistan)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2023.49.2.123Keywords:
2D-seismic interpretation, well correlation, 3D modelling, Potwar sub-basin, Balkassar anticline, PakistanAbstract
The Potwar sub-basin is an important hydrocarbon producing zone of the Upper Indus basin and has significant oil and gas potential. The Balkassar area is the main oil field of the Potwar sub-basin and oil is mainly produced from Eocene carbonates. The Chorgali Formation is of Eocene age and is the main reservoir rock in this area. Structurally, the Potwar sub-basin is complicated, and surface features often do not reflect subsurface structures. This is due to the presence of detachments at different levels. In such cases, it is necessary to integrate seismic data with geological information for an accurate delineation of subsurface structures. Eleven seismic profiles were interpreted to understand subsurface structural style. To correlate well data with seismic data, a synthetic seismogram has been generated. Time, velocity and depth contour maps have been prepared. A 3D model for the Chorgali Formation has been prepared which confirms that this is a four-way anticlinal structure bounded by faults. It makes this structure more favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. Moreover, a cross section has been prepared for five wells to show that the Chorgali Formation is spreading. Based on it, to show the relationship between compressional tectonics and basement slope, a 3D structural model has been prepared. In this case study, the Balkassar anticline was interpreted as a four-way closure pop-up structure which provides a structural trap for the accumulation of hydrocarbons. This study will help us understand the accumulation of hydrocarbons in the same type of structural traps in the Potwar sub-basin and in similar kinds of basins. It is also relevant to oil exploration within Pakistan.
Downloads
References
Ahmed A., Khan T., Jahandad S., Hakimi M.H., Lashin A.A. & Abidin N.S., 2020. Organic geochemistry indicates source-rock char-acteristics and hydrocarbon potential: A case study from Early Cretaceous Sembar Formation, southern Indus Basin, Pakistan. Ara-bian Journal of Geosciences, 13, 1234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-06227-4.
Baker D.M., Lillie R.J., Yeats R.S., Johnson G.D., Yousuf M. & Zaman A.S., 1988. Development of the Himalayan frontal thrust zone: Salt Range, Pakistan. Geology, 16(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0003:DOTHFT>2.3.CO;2.
Gee E.R., 1980. Pakistan geological Salt Range Series: Directorate of Overseas Surveys, United Kingdom, for the Government of Pakistan, and Geological Survey of Pakistan, 6 sheets, scale 1:50,000.
Greland S., Sassi W., Lamotte D.F., Jaswal T. & Roure F., 2002. Kinematics of eastern Salt Range and Southern Potwar Basin (Paki-stan): a new scenario. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 19(9), 1127–1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(02)00121-6.
Hanif M., Imraz M., Ali F., Haneef M., Saboor A., Iqbal S. & Ahmad S., Jr., 2014. The inner ramp facies of the Thanetian Lockhart Formation, western Salt Range, Indus Basin, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7, 4911–4926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-013-1099-7.
Iqbal S., Jan U.I. & Hanif M., 2014. The Mianwali and Tredian formations: An example of the Triassic Progradational Deltaic System in the low-latitude western Salt Range, Pakistan. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 39, 5489–5507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-013-0836-2.
Iqbal I., Tian G., Iqbal S. & Khan A., 2018. Integrated geophysical analysis and rock physics study to confirm the hydrocarbon reser-voir of the Bitrisim area in Pakistan. Journal of Geology & Geophysics, 7(2), 330. https://doi.org/10.4172/2381-8719.1000330.
Jadoon I.A.K., Frisch W., Jaswal T.M. & Kemal A., 1999. Triangle zone in the Himalayan foreland, north Pakistan. [in:] Macfarlane A., Sorkhabi R.B. & Quade J. (eds.), Himalaya and Tibet: Mountain Roots to Mountain Tops, GSA Special Paper, 328, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2328-0.275.
Jadoon W.A.K., Shami B.A. & Abbasi I.A., 2003. Fracture analysis of Khaur anticline and its implications on subsurface fracture sys-tem. [in:] PAPG-SPE Annual Technical Conference 2003: Best Practices & New Technologies, October 3–5, 2003, Islamabad, Pa-kistan, 235–250.
Jaswal T., Lillie R.J. & Lawrence R.D., 1997. Structure and evolution of northern Potwar deformed zone, Pakistan. AAPG Bulletin, 81(2), 308–328. https://doi.org/10.1306/522B431B-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Jaumé S.C. & Lillie R.J., 1988. Mechanics of the Salt Range-Potwar Plateau, Pakistan: A fold-and-thrust belt underlain by evaporites. Tectonics, 7(1), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1029/TC007i001p00057.
Kadri I.B., 1995. Petroleum Geology of Pakistan. Pakistan Petroleum Ltd., Karachi, Pakistan.
Kazmi A.H. & Abbasi A.I., 2008. Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt. [in:] Kazmi A.H. & Abbasi A.I., Stratigraphy & Historical Geology of Pakistan, Department and National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan, 181–187.
Kazmi A.H. & Jan M.Q., 1997. Salt Range and Kohat-Potwar Fold Belt. [in:] Geology and Tectonic of Pakistan, Graphic Publishers, Karachi, 130–141.
Kazmi A.H. & Rana R.A., 1982. Tectonic Map of Pakistan, Scale 1:2 000 000. Geological Survey of Pakistan Map Series, Quetta.
Khan M.A., Ahmed R., Raza H.A. & Kemal A., 1986. Geology of petroleum in Kohat-Potwar depression, Pakistan. AAPG Bulletin, 70(4), 396–414. https://doi.org/10.1306/9488571E-1704-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Leathers M., 1987. Balanced structural cross-section of the western Salt Range and Potwar Plateau: Deformation near the strike-slip terminus of an overthrust sheet. Oregon State University, Corvallis [M.Sc. thesis].
LeFort P., 1975. Himalayas: the collided range: Present knowledge of the continental arc. American Journal of Science, 275(A), 1–44.
Lillie R.J., Johnson G.D., Yousaf M., Zaman A.S. & Yeats R.S., 1987. Structural development within the Himalayan foreland fold-and-thrust belt of Pakistan. [in:] Beaumont C. & Tankard A.J. (eds.), Sedimentary Basins and Basin-Forming Mechanisms, CSPG Memoir, 12, AGS Special Publication, 5, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, 379–392.
Meissner Ch.R., Master J.M., Rashid M.A. & Hussain M., 1974. Stratigraphy of the Kohat Quadrangle, Pakistan. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 716-D, United States Government Printing Office, Washington.
Moghal M.A., Hameed A., Saqi M.I. & Bugti M.N., 2003. Subsurface geometry of Potwar Sub-basin in relation to structuration and entrapment. [in:] PAPG/SPE Annual Technical Conference 2003, Best Practices & New Technologies, October 3–5, 2003, Islama-bad, Pakistan, Pakistan Association of Petroleum Geoscientists, Islamabad, 1–14.
Pascoe E.H., 1920. Petroleum in the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 40(3), 330–489.
Pennock E.S., 1988. Structural interpretation of seismic reflection data from the eastern Salt Range and Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. Oregon State University, Corvallis [M.Sc. thesis].
Pennock E.S., Lillie R.J., Zaman A.S.H. & Yousaf M., 1989. Structural interpretation of seismic reflection data from the eastern Salt Range and Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. AAPG Bulletin, 73(7), 841–857. https://doi.org/10.1306/44B4A27B-170A-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Qayyum M., Spratt D.A., Dixon J.M. & Lawrence R.D., 2015. Displacement transfer from fault-bend to fault-propagation fold geome-try: an example from the Himalayan thrust front. Journal of Structural Geology, 77, 260–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.10.010.
Sengbush R.L., Lawrence P.L. & McDonal F.J., 1961. Interpretation of synthetic seismograms. Geophysics, 26(2), 138–157. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1438851.
Shah S.M.I., 2009. Stratigraphy of Pakistan. GSP Memoirs, 22, The Geological Survey of Pakistan, Islamabad.
Shakir U., Muyyassar H., Mehmood M.F., Anwar M., Ahmed T., Siyar M.M., Anjum H.S. & Malghani N., 2021. Source rock poten-tial and thermal maturity of Datta Shale using Well Logs data of Chanda Deep-01 well, Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan. Journal of Himalyan Earth Sciences, 54(1), 101–111.
Sheriff R.E. & L. P. Geldart L.P., 1995. Exploration Seismology. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139168359.
Tahirkheli R.A.K., 1979. Geology of Kohistan and adjoining Eurasian and Indo-Pakistan continents, Pakistan. Geological Bulletin (University of Peshawar), 11, 1–30.
Treloar P.J., Coward M.P., Chambers A.F., Izatt C.N. & Jackson K.C., 1992. Thrust geometries, interferences, and rotations in the northwest Himalaya. [in:] McClay K.R. (ed.), Thrust Tectonics, Springer Dordrecht, 325–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3066-0_30.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors have full copyright and property rights to their work. Their copyrights to store the work, duplicate it in printing (as well as in the form of a digital CD recording), to make it available in the digital form, on the Internet and putting into circulation multiplied copies of the work worldwide are unlimited.
The content of the journal is freely available according to the Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
