Rare earth elements in supergene zone: a case study of the xenotime-(Y)-chernovite-(Y) solid solution from Rędziny, Sudetes, SW Poland

Bożena Gołębiowska; Natalia Chmaj; Adam Włodek; Monika A. Kusiak; Stanislav Jeleň; Beata Marciniak-Maliszewska; Petras Jokubauskas

doi:10.7494/geol.2025.51.3.301

Authors

Bożena Gołębiowska AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protection, Krakow, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4103-1124
Natalia Chmaj Przedsiebiorstwo Geologiczne S.A., Krakow, Poland https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7346-720X
Adam Włodek AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protection, Krakow, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4954-1786
Monika A. Kusiak Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2042-8621
Stanislav Jeleň Matej Bel University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Geography and Geology, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1356-5209
Beata Marciniak-Maliszewska University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Warsaw, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9147-6693
Petras Jokubauskas University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Warsaw, Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1099-4497

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2025.51.3.301

Keywords:

REE-bearing minerals, xenotime-(Y), chernovite-(Y), solid-solution, alteration

Abstract

Rare earth element (REE) mineralization has been documented at Rędziny, located on the eastern margin of the Karkonosze granite (Sudetes, Poland). Minerals of the REE[(As,P)O₄] group with a tetragonal zircontype structure, primarily xenotime-(Y)-chernovite-(Y), Y(PO₄)-Y(AsO₄) solid solutions, have been identified. These minerals occur as euhedral grains and also as intergrowths with secondary arsenates and silicates, filling cracks, fractures, and voids. Their textural diversity and paragenetic relationships with Ca-, Cu-, Pb-, and Bi-bearing arsenates indicate a crystallization sequence involving successive mineral-forming episodes. Local enrichments in REEs have also been recorded in common supergene arsenates, such as Ca(Pb)-Cu phases including conichalcite (CaCu(AsO₄)(OH)) and duftite (PbCu(AsO₄)(OH)). Minerals of the xenotime-(Y)-chernovite-(Y) solid solution correspond to intermediate compositions, with the chernovite end-member molar fraction ranging from 0.46 to 0.89. Based on EPMA analyses, yttrium is the dominant cation, accompanied by considerable amounts of middle rare earth elements (MREEs), especially neodymium (up to 12.60 wt.%; 0.21 apfu), samarium (up to 10.39 wt.%; 0.167 apfu), and gadolinium (up to 6.72 wt.%; 0.107 apfu). Some chemical compositions also show a trend towards the gasparite-(LREE) (LREE(AsO₄)) compositional field. Xenotime-(Y)-chernovite-(Y) minerals display microporosity, likely resulting from dissolution, metasomatic alteration, and subsequent recrystallization. The REEs at Rędziny likely originated from both evolved, late-stage hydrothermal fluids and rocks of the metamorphic envelope of the Karkonosze granite, where REEs were mobilized by post-magmatic fluids. Subsequent supergene processes may have further enhanced secondary enrichment.

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