Clair Obscur jako przejaw dysonansu semantycznego w postrzeganiu kategorii gry niezależnej
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7494/human.2026.25.1.8008Słowa kluczowe:
Clair Obscur: Expedition 33, dysonans semantyczny, gry niezależne, gry wideo, dyskurs branżowy, dyskurs odbiorczyAbstrakt
Artykuł analizuje zjawisko dysonansu semantycznego w funkcjonowaniu terminu „gra niezależna” na przykładzie dyskursu medialnego wokół Clair Obscur: Expedition 33, stworzonej przez Sandfall Interactive (2025). Autorzy badają obecność i sposób kategoryzowania tytułu podczas branżowych gal nagród, w publikacjach dziennikarskich oraz w dyskusjach prowadzonych na forach społecznościowych. Celem analizy jest ukazanie napięcia między ekonomicznym i instytucjonalnym statusem produkcji a jej postrzeganiem jako gry niezależnej w świadomości odbiorców i innych uczestników dyskursu medialnego. Dysonans semantyczny ujawnia się jako starcie dwóch wizji gry niezależnej: normatywnej – akcentującej jej radykalność, wolność i rewolucyjny potencjał – oraz opisowej, sytuującej ją w realnych strukturach branży.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Antoniades, T. (2016). The independent AAA proposition. Medium. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://medium.com/@ninjatam/the-independent-aaa-proposition-3bc6dd657240
Austin, J. (2021). “The hardest battles are fought in the mind”: Representations of mental illness in Ninja Theory’s Hellblade: Senua’s Sacrifice. Game Studies, 21(4). https://gamestudies.org/2104/articles/austin
Bardhan, A. (2025). Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 controversially wins Best Independent Game at The Game Awards, Sandfall devs dedicate it to indies “who put creativity first” and “push forward with limited resources”. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.gamesradar.com/games/jrpg/clair-obscur-expedition-33-controversially-wins-best-independent-game-at-the-game-awards-sandfall-devs-dedicate-it-to-indies-who-put-creativity-first-and-push-forward-with-limited-resources/
Bauman, Z. (2006). Płynna nowoczesność. Wydawnictwo Literackie.
Bourdieu, P. (2022). Dystynkcja. Społeczna krytyka władzy sądzenia. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
Browne, P., & Schram, B. R. (2025). Intermediating the everyday: Indie game development and the labour of co-working spaces. W: J. Švelch & O. Sotamaa (red.), Game production studies (s. 83–100). Routledge.
Brożek, A. (2022). Rekonstrukcja pojęć w Szkole Lwowsko-Warszawskiej. Teoria i praktyka. Roczniki Filozoficzne, 70(2), 155–179. https://doi.org/10.18290/rf2202.9
Cappelen, H. (2020). Conceptual engineering: The master argument. W: A. Burgess, H. Cappelen, & D. Plunkett (red.), Conceptual engineering and conceptual ethics (s. 132–151). Oxford University Press.
Carlson, R. (2009). “Too Human” versus the enthusiast press: Video game journalists as mediators of commodity value. Transformative Works and Cultures, 2. https://doi.org/10.3983/twc.2009.098
Carpenter, L. (2025). No, Geoff Keighley - Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 was not made by a team of “under 30 developers,” and devs say repeating the myth is “a dangerous path”. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.pcgamer.com/gaming-industry/no-geoff-keighley-clair-obscur-expedition-33-was-not-made-by-a-team-of-under-30-developers-and-devs-say-repeating-the-myth-is-a-dangerous-path/
Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 critic reviews. (2025). Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://opencritic.com/game/18026/clair-obscur-expedition-33/charts
Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 na Steam. (2024). Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://store.steampowered.com/app/1903340/Clair_Obscur_Expedition_33/
Cress, L. (2026). Kepler’s boss on why it priced Clair Obscur below its “worth”. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg1nwwv1xyo
Douglas, G. (1986). The Hollywood studio system. Palgrave Macmillan.
Dimanche, B. (2025). The story behind “Clair Obscur: Expedition 33”, the breakout video game from French studio Sandfall Interactive. CNC. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: [www.cnc.fr/web/en/news/the-story-behind-clair-obscur-expedition-33-the-breakout-video-game-from-french-studio-sandfall-interactive_2419300](http://www.cnc.fr/web/en/news/the-story-behind-clair-obscur-expedition-33-the-breakout-video-game-from-french-studio-sandfall-interactive_2419300)
Dmuchowski, J. (2025). Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 recenzja. 30 Francuzów zaprojektowało lepszą grę od większości studiów AAA. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://cdaction.pl/recenzje/clair-obscur-expedition-33-recenzja-30-francuzow-zaprojektowalo-lepsza-gre-od-wiekszosci-studiow-aaa/
FAQ. (2025). The Indie Game Awards. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.indiegameawards.gg/faq
Frege, G. (1948). Sense and reference. The Philosophical Review, 57(3), 209–230.
Garda, M. B. (2017). Interaktywne fantasy: Gatunek w grach cyfrowych. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. https://doi.org/10.18778/7969-619-2
Garda, M. B., & Grabarczyk, P. (2016). Is every indie game independent? Towards the concept of independent game. Game Studies, 16(1).
Gould, E. (2024). “We are a small team with an indie spirit”: Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 devs say the game won’t suck up 100s of hours of your life as they spill the beans on price. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.pcgamer.com/games/rpg/we-are-a-small-team-with-an-indie-spirit-clair-obscur-expedition-33-devs-say-the-game-wont-suck-up-100s-of-hours-of-your-life-as-they-spill-the-beans-on-price/
Grant, C. (2018). Ninja Theory joined Microsoft “to be free from the AAA machine”. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.polygon.com/e3/2018/6/10/17447264/ninja-theory-microsoft-acquisition/
Handrahan, M. (2018). An era of “triple-I” development is almost here. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.gamesindustry.biz/an-era-of-triple-i-development-is-almost-here
Harris, I. (2025). Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 leads the Golden Joystick Award 2025 charge for most nominations, nudging out Death Stranding 2, Ghost of Yotei, and Kingdom Come: Deliverance 2. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.gamesradar.com/games/events-conferences/clair-obscur-expedition-33-leads-the-golden-joystick-award-2025-charge-for-most-nominations-nudging-out-death-stranding-2-ghost-of-yotei-and-kingdom-come-deliverance-2/
Higham, M. (2025). Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 review. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: [www.ign.com/articles/clair-obscur-expedition-33-review](http://www.ign.com/articles/clair-obscur-expedition-33-review)
Idziak, N. (2025). Recenzja Clair Obscur: Expedition 33. Gdy pasja łączy się z talentem. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.eurogamer.pl/clair-obscur-expedition-33-recenzja
Joseph, D. J. (2018). The discourse of digital dispossession: Paid modifications and community crisis on Steam. Games and Culture, 13(7), 690–707. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412018756488
JRPGs | HowLongToBeat.com | Game Lengths, Backlogs and More!. (b.d.). Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://howlongtobeat.com
Juul, J. (2019). Handmade pixels: Independent video games and the quest for authenticity. The MIT Press.
Keighley, G. (2025). SUMMER GAME FEST 2025 (4K60FPS): Resident Evil Requiem + more [Nagranie wideo]. YouTube. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Hr6Q2hln_M
Keogh, B. (2023). Triple-A games. W: M. J. P. Wolf & B. Perron (ed.), The Routledge companion to video game studies (s. 112–119). Routledge.
Lipkin, N. (2013). Examining indie’s independence: The meaning of “indie” games, the politics of production, and mainstream co-optation. Loading… The Journal of the Canadian Game Studies Association, 7(11), 8–24.
LeBlanc, W. (2025). Every winner of the Indie Game Awards 2025, including Game of the Year. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://gameinformer.com/round-up/2025/12/22/every-winner-of-the-indie-game-awards-2025-including-game-of-the-year
Lycan, W. G. (2018). Philosophy of language: A contemporary introduction. Routledge.
Lyons, B. (2025). Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 is already a million seller. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z https://www.gamereactor.eu/clair-obscur-expedition-33-is-already-a-million-seller-1534943/
Makowski, P. (2019). Inżynieria pojęciowa a teorie zarządzania i organizacji. Studia i Materiały Wydziału Zarządzania UW, 2, 90–100. https://doi.org/10.7172/1733-9758.2018.28.8
Manchester, A. (2025). Clair Obscur: Expedition 33’s Game Awards nominations show “indie” is still a meaningless term. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.polygon.com/clair-obscur-expedition-33-sandfall-indie-the-game-awards-nominations/
Marcuse, H. (1991). Człowiek jednowymiarowy (S. Konopacki, tłum.). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. (Praca oryginalna opublikowana w 1964)
Marx, K. (1953). Przyczynek do krytyki ekonomii politycznej. Książka i Wiedza.
Mucharzewski, M. (2025). Recenzja Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 C’est magnifique! Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.gram.pl/artykul/recenzja-clair-obscur-expedition-33-cest-magnifique
Musiolik, P. (2025). Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 recenzja gry. Współczesne spojrzenie na klasykę. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.ppe.pl/recenzje/368169/clair-obscur-expedition-33-recenzja-gry-wspolczesne-spojrzenie-na-klasyke.html
Nieborg, D. B., & Sihvonen, T. (2009). The new gatekeepers: The occupational ideology of game journalism. W: Breaking new ground: Innovation in games, play, practice and theory. Proceedings of DiGRA 2009.
Nieborg, D. B., & Foxman, M. (2023). Mainstreaming and game journalism. The MIT Press.
Packwood, L. (2026). Witchfire’s creative director on the benefits of small teams and the mystery of how Clair Obscur turned out so brilliantly. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: [www.gamesindustry.biz/witchfires-creative-director-on-the-benefits-of-small-teams-and-the-mystery-of-how-clair-obscur-turned-out-so-brilliantly](http://www.gamesindustry.biz/witchfires-creative-director-on-the-benefits-of-small-teams-and-the-mystery-of-how-clair-obscur-turned-out-so-brilliantly)
Parker, F., Whitson, J. R., & Simon, B. (2018). Megabooth: The cultural intermediation of indie games. New Media & Society, 20(5), 1953–1972.
Pawlikowski, M. (2025). Recenzja gry Clair Obscur: Expedition 33. Jedna ze wspanialszych historii, w jakie grałem w całym swoim życiu review. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: [www.gry-online.pl/recenzje/clair-obscur-expedition-33-recenzja-gry-triumf-kreatywnosci-w-dob/zf470d](http://www.gry-online.pl/recenzje/clair-obscur-expedition-33-recenzja-gry-triumf-kreatywnosci-w-dob/zf470d)
PlayStation. (2024). Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 Reveal trailer | PS5 games [Nagranie wideo]. YouTube. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qgOZ-DRDynw
Quirky_Image_5598. (2025). Can someone explain to me how Clair Obscur E33 is an indie game? [Post na Reddicie]. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.reddit.com/r/gaming/comments/1p0nsh8/can_someone_explain_to_me_how_clair_obscur_e33_is/
Recipients | The Indie Game Awards 2025. (2025). Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1nA3NnGnx2BvM5i26GW7f8KYWgNUogjm7fDBzKRQiIgA/edit?gid=1064609238&usp=embed_facebook
Reuben, N. (2025). No, Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 wasn’t “made” by 30 people. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/no-clair-obscur-expedition-33-wasnt-made-by-30-people
Russell, B. (1905). On denoting. Mind, 14(56), 479–493.
Sandfall Interactive. (2024). Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 | Cast Reveal [Film wideo]. YouTube. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykQuuDwKRpo
Schrader, P. G., Carroll, M. C., McCreery, M. P., & Head, D. L. (2020). Mixed methods for human–computer interactions research: An iterative study using Reddit and social media. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(4), 818–841. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633119878066
Schreier, J. (2025). Ex-Annapurna video-game staff to absorb former Take-Two indie label. Pobrano 19 maja 2026, z: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-01-07/ex-annapurna-video-game-staff-to-absorb-former-take-two-label-private-division
Shepard, K. (2025). Clair Obscur: Expedition 33: The Kotaku review. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://kotaku.com/clair-obscur-expedition-33-rpg-review-in-progress-1851777402
Small, Z. (2025). A gaming tour de force that is very, very French. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/11/arts/clair-obscur-expedition-33-sandfall.html
Steam. (b.d.). Clair Obscur: Expedition 33. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://store.steampowered.com/agecheck/app/1903340/
SteamDB. (b.d.). Most played on Steam by daily active users. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://steamdb.info/stats/dailyactiveusers/?cc=us&sort=price_desc
Taylor, I. T. (2017). How Ninja Theory proved independent AAA has a future. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.gamesindustry.biz/how-ninja-theory-proved-independent-aaa-has-a-future
The Game Awards. (b.d.). The Game Awards 2025 breaks record: 171 million livestreams. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://thegameawards.com/news/the-game-awards-breaks-viewership-record
Tzioumakis, Y. (2023). After the “Great Studio Pullback of ’08”: Late Indiewood and American independent film theatrical distribution in the age of streaming (2008–2019). Media Industries, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.3998/mij.1482
Van Ommen, M. (2018). Emergent affect in Final Fantasy VII and Japanese role-playing games. Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds, 10(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1386/jgvw.10.1.21_1
Wagner, W. (2025). Indie Game Awards pulls two awards from Clair Obscur over generative AI use: “We have a hard stance against gen AI in videogames”. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.pcgamer.com/games/rpg/indie-game-awards-pulls-two-awards-from-clair-obscur-over-generative-ai-use-we-have-a-hard-stance-against-gen-ai-in-videogames/
Walker, J. (2025). There’s just no way Expedition 33 should be up for indie awards. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://kotaku.com/indie-game-awards-iga-igf-gdc-clair-obscur-expedition-33-2000644070
Wallace, M. (2017). Indie gem “Hellblade: Senua’s Sacrifice” has sold 500,000 copies since August. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.forbes.com/sites/mitchwallace/2017/11/22/indie-gem-hellblade-senuas-sacrifice-has-sold-500000-copies-since-august/
Wen, A. (2025). Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 review: “An old-school feeling JRPG as dynamic as Persona but with parry-filled battles as hard-won as Sekiro”. Pobrano 19 maja 2026 z: https://www.gamesradar.com/games/rpg/clair-obscur-expedition-33-review/
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations: Philosophische Untersuchungen (G. E. M. Anscombe, tłum.). Wiley-Blackwell. (Oryginalne wydanie opublikowane w 1953 roku)
Švelch, J. (2023). Prestige or promotion: Industrial reflexivity and political economy of The Game Awards. Abstract Proceedings of DiGRA 2023 Conference: Limits and Margins of Games. https://doi.org/10.26503/dl.v2023i2.2032
Zanescu, A. (2025). The Spike Video Game Awards are dead, long live the Game Awards: Reconsidering awards shows as the struggle for a field of cultural production. Abstract Proceedings of DiGRA 2025: Games at the Crossroads. https://doi.org/10.26503/dl.v2025i3.2576
LUDOGRAFIA
Atlus. (1987–2025). Shin Megami Tensei [Gra wideo].
Chunsoft, Heartbeat, Level-5 & Square Enix. (1986–2026). Dragon Quest [Gra wideo]. Square Enix.
Dogubomb. (2025). Blue Prince [Gra wideo]. Raw Fury.
Insomniac Games. (2023). Marvel’s Spider-Man 2 [Gra wideo]. Sony Interactive Entertainment.
Intelligent Systems, Koei Tecmo, Atlus, Omega Force, Team Ninja & Nintendo. (1990–2026). Fire Emblem [Gra wideo]. Nintendo.
LocalThunk. (2024). Balatro [Gra wideo]. Playstack.
McMillen, E., & Himsl, F. (2011). The Binding of Isaac [Gra wideo].
Ninja Theory. (2017). Hellblade: Senua’s Sacrifice [Gra wideo].
Number None. (2008). Braid [Gra wideo].
Sandfall Interactive. (2025). Clair Obscur: Expedition 33 [Gra wideo]. Kepler Interactive.
Supergiant Games. (2011). Bastion [Gra wideo]. Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment.
Square & Monolith Soft. (1998–2025). Xeno [Gra wideo]. Square, Bandai Namco & Nintendo.
Team Cherry. (2025). Hollow Knight: Silksong [Gra wideo].
Team Meat. (2010). Super Meat Boy [Gra wideo].
Treyarch & Raven Software. (2020). Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War [Gra wideo]. Activision.
Pliki dodatkowe
Opublikowane
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 © Wydawnictwa AGH, Kraków 2024, Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 License

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
