Adoption of Electromobility in Urban Transport in Poland -  Cost-Benefit Trade-Offs and Decision-Making Challenges

Wojciech Wiśniowski

doi:10.7494/dmms.2021.15.7597

Authors

Wojciech Wiśniowski Independent scholar, Krakow, Poland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7494/dmms.2021.15.7597

Keywords:

electromobility, urban transport, electric vehicles, cost-benefit analysis, sustainable mobility, charging infrastructure, energy systems, infrastructure planning, environmental impact, transport policy, strategic management

Abstract

Electromobility is increasingly recognized as a cornerstone of sustainable urban transport strategies. This paper presents an analysis of selected economic, environmental, and infrastructural implications of transitioning from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) in urban settings. Through a cost-benefit evaluation, the study compares the purchase and operational costs of EVs and conventional cars across mini, compact, and premium market segments, taking into account factors such as energy consumption, fuel and electricity prices, annual mileage, and carbon emission levels. The development and expansion of charging infrastructure, along with the integration of smart grid solutions and energy storage capabilities, are examined in the context of meeting the growing demand from a rising fleet of EVs. Additionally, the paper analyzes changes in urban mobility behaviors, highlighting the shift toward shared mobility and ecomobility, and discusses how these trends can reshape urban transportation to improve quality of life and reduce environmental impacts. Drawing on current trends, national electromobility development plans in Poland, and international best practices, the study identifies challenges and enablers for policymakers and decision-makers in the transportation and energy sectors, highlighting the need for coordinated planning and policy support to ensure the long-term viability and sustainability of electromobility in urban environments.

References

Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017). Lithium-ion battery costs and market outlook. URL: https://about.bnef.com/ [16.12.2021].

Chłopek Z. (2002). Ochrona środowiska naturalnego. Pojazdy samochodowe. Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności, Warszawa.

Denis A. & Kuczyński W. (2017). Analiza porównawcza wpływu na środowisko aut elektrycznych zasilanych z elektrowni węglowych oraz aut spalinowych. Autobusy, 7–8, pp. 61–64. URL: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/316994.pdf [16.12.2021].

Edge J.S., O’Kane S., Prosser R., Kirkaldy N.D., Patel A.N., Hales A., Ghosh A., Ai W., Chen J., Yang J., Li S., Pang M.-C., Bravo Diaz L., Tomaszewska A., Marzook M.W., Radhakrishnan K.N., Wang H., Patel Y., Wu B. & Offer G.J. (2021). Lithium-ion battery degradation: What you need to know. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 23(14), pp. 8200–8221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CP00359C.

European Alternative Fuels Observatory (2020). Roads. Country fiches – Czech Republic, Hungary. URL: https://alternative-fuels-observatory.ec.europa.eu/transport-mode/road/ [16.12.2021].

European Environment Agency (2019). EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019: Technical guidance to prepare national emission inventories. URL: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019 [16.12.2021].

Flasza J. (2017). Elektromobilność w Polsce – wyzwania i możliwości z uwzględnieniem inteligentnych instalacji OZE. Autobusy, 30(6), pp. 1196–1198. URL: https://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-3b3b4308-ac5c-4a3e-ad8a-21ac33b04b04?q=bwmeta1.element.baztech-e687c8e6-d61e-4483-abfd-7305024c9880;235&qt=CHILDREN-STATELESS [3.10.2021].

Flasza J. & Matuszczyk P. (2018). Elektromobilność w Polsce a systemy OZE. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, 94(1), pp. 33–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2018.01.09.

Forum Energii (2021). Transformacja energetyczna w Polsce – edycja 2021. URL: https://www.forum-energii.eu/transformacja-energetyczna-w-polsce-edycja-2021 [16.12.2021].

Frankel D. & Wagner A. (2017). Battery storage: The next disruptive technology in the power sector. McKinsey & Company. URL: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/sustainability/our-insights/battery-storage-the-next-disruptive-technology-in-the-power-sector [16.12.2021].

Gdowska K. (2018). How to assess balancing public transportation. In: 14th International Conference on Industrial Logistics, ICIL 2018 – Conference Proceedings, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, pp. 79–86. URL: https://in.bgu.ac.il/en/engn/iem/ICIL2018/Pages/ICIL%20conference%20proceedings%20book%202018.pdf [16.12.2021].

Gdowska K., Viana A. & Pedroso J.P. (2018). Stochastic last-mile delivery with crowdshipping. Transportation Research Procedia, 30, pp. 90–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.09.011.

International Energy Agency (2017). Global EV Outlook 2017: Two million and counting.

URL: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2017 [16.12.2021].

International Energy Agency (2020). Global EV Outlook 2020: Entering the decade of electric drive? URL: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020 [16.12.2021].

Jaguemont J., Boulon L. & Dubé Y. (2016). A comprehensive review of lithium-ion batteries used in hybrid and electric vehicles at cold temperatures. Applied Energy, 164, pp. 99–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.034.

Korcyl A., Książek R. & Gdowska K. (2016). A MILP model for the route optimization problem in a municipal multi-landfill waste collection system. In: 13th International Conference on Industrial Logistics, ICIL 2016 – Conference Proceedings, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, pp. 109–118. URL: http://www.icil.zarz.agh.edu.pl/images/ICIL2016/ICIL2016_conference_proceedings_final.pdf [16.12.2021].

Krawiec S. & Krawiec K. (2017). Rozwój elektromobilności w Polsce. Uwarunkowania, cele i bariery. Studia ekonomiczne. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Katowicach, 332, pp. 17–24.

Książek R., Gdowska K. & Korcyl A. (2021). Recyclables collection route balancing problem with a heterogeneous fleet. Energies, 14(21), 7406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217406.

Kucharska A. & Ruszel M. (2016). Potencjał sektora elektromobilności w Austrii i Szwajcarii – wnioski dla Polski. Nowa Energia, 4(52), pp. 86–88. URL: https://www.instytutpe.pl/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Potencja%C5%82-rozwoju_A.Kucharska_M.Ruszel.pdf [16.12.2021].

Motor/NAF (2021). Motors rekkeviddetest vinter 2021: Tyskerne lader til ny kamp om elbiltronen. URL: https://www.motor.no/elbil/motors-rekkeviddetest-av-elbilervinter-2021/193624 [16.12.2021].

NAF (Norges Automobil-Forbund) (2020). NAF tester rekkevidde på elbil – nykommere overrasker. URL: https://www.naf.no/elbil/bruke-elbil/test-rekkevidde-sommer-2020 [16.12.2021].

Polskie Sieci Elektroenergetyczne (2021). Raport 2020 KSE: Zestawienie danych ilościowych dotyczących funkcjonowania KSE w 2020 roku. URL: https://www.pse.pl/dane-systemowe/funkcjonowanie-kse/raporty-roczne-z-funkcjonowania-kse-za-rok/raporty-za-rok-2020 [16.12.2021].

Polskie Stowarzyszenie Nowej Mobilności (2021). Licznik elektromobilności: listopad 2021 rekordowym miesiącem w polskiej elektromobilności. URL: https://psnm.org/2021/informacja/licznik-elektromobilnosci-listopad-2021-rekordowym-miesiacem-w-polskiej-elektromobilnosci/ [16.12.2021].

Sierzchula W., Bakker S., Maat K. & van Wee B. (2014). The influence of financial incentives and other socio-economic factors on electric vehicle adoption. Energy Policy, 68, pp. 183–194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.043.

Sipiński D. & Bolesta K. (2017). Cicha rewolucja w energetyce. Elektromobilność w Polsce. „Polityka Insight”, Warszawa. URL: https://www.politykainsight.pl/_resource/multimedium/20106685 [16.12.2021].

Sovacool B.K., Axsen J. & Kempton W. (2018). The future promise of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration: A sociotechnical review and research agenda. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 42, 1–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-030117-020220.

United Nations Climate Change (2015). The Paris Agreement. URL: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement [3.10.2021].

Ustawa z dnia 11 stycznia 2018 r. o elektromobilności i paliwach alternatywnych (Dz.U. 2018 poz. 317).

Wasiak I., Błaszczyk P. & Wojciechowska K. (2014). Tendencje rozwoju aut elektrycznych w Unii Europejskiej. Logistyka, 3, pp. 6591–6598.

Wiśniowski W. (2018). Analiza zmian mobilności miejskiej związanych z rozwojem rynku samochodów elektrycznych. Master’s Thesis. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, Krakow, Poland.