Indirect Control of Corporations: Analysis and Simulations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7494/dmms.2017.11.1-2.31Keywords:
corporate shareholding analysis, cooperative game theory, direct and indirect control, financial and economic modeling, power indicesAbstract
This paper is devoted to the concept of indirect control in corporate shareholding networks. This topic is important in financial economics. Since shareholding size does not actually reflect an investor’s power-control in corporate shareholding networks, diverse approaches to measuring the control-power of investors has been proposed. We focus in particular on a game-theoretical approach; specifically the model of Denti and Prati (2001) and its implementation to control sharing analysis and simulation in shareholding networks thanks to the computer program „Control Sharing Simulation”.
References
Bajuri N.H., Chakravarty S. & Suhaila J. (2013). Analysis of corporate control: How good is the Straffin index? Matematika, 29(1b), pp. 129–140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11113/matematika.v29.n.366.
Bajuri N.H., Chakravarty S. & Hashim N.H. (2014). Analysis of corporate control: Can the voting power index outshine shareholding size? Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance, 10(1), pp. 75–94. URL: https://ejournal.usm.my/aamjaf/article/view/aamjaf_vol10-no1-2014_4.
Banzhaf J.F. III (1965). Weighted voting doesn’t work: A mathematical analysis. Rutgers Law Review, 19(2), pp. 317–343.
Bertini C., Freixas J., Gambarelli G. & Stach I. (2013). Comparing power indices. International Game Theory Review, 15(2), art. no. 1340004, pp. 1340004-1–1340004-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219198913400045.
Bertini C. & Stach I. (2015). On public values and power indices. Decision Making in Manufacturing and Services, 9(1), pp. 9–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7494/dmms.2015.9.1.9.
Bertini C., Mercik J. & Stach I. (2016). Indirect control and power. Operations Research and Decisions, 26(2), pp. 7–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5277/ord160202.
Braham M. & Steffen F. (2003). A priori voting power in hierarchical organizations. Paper presented at the European Public Choice Society Annual Meeting, Aarhus, Denmark, April 25–28, 2003. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229052885_A_PRIORI_VOTING_POWER_IN_HIERARCHICAL_ORGANIZATIONS.
Crama Y. & Leruth L. (2007). Control and voting power in corporate networks: Concepts and computational aspects. European Journal of Operational Research, 178(3), pp. 879–893. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2006.02.020.
Crama Y. & Leruth L. (2013). Power indices and the measurement of control in corporate structures. International Game Theory Review, 15(3), art. no. 1340017, pp. 1340017-1–1340017-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219198913400173.
Prati N. & Denti E. (2001). An algorithm for winning coalitions in indirect control of corporations. Decisions in Economics and Finance, 24(2), pp. 153–158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s102030170005.
Denti E. & Prati N. (2004). Relevance of winning coalitions in indirect control of corporations. Theory and Decision, 56(1), pp. 183–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11238-004-5644-4.
Gambarelli G. & Owen G. (1994). Indirect control of corporations. International Journal of Game Theory, 23(4), pp. 287–302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01242945.
Holler M.J. (1982). Forming coalitions and measuring voting power. Political Studies, 30(2), pp. 262–271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1982.tb00537.x.
Hu X. & Shapley L.S. (2003a). On authority distributions in organizations: Equilibrium. Games and Economic Behavior, 45(1), pp. 132–152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-8256(03)00130-1.
Hu X. & Shapley L.S. (2003b). On authority distributions in organizations: Controls. Games and Economic Behavior, 45(1), pp. 153–170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-8256(03)00023-X.
Johnston R.J. (1978). On the measurement of power: Some reactions to Laver. Environment and Planning A, 10(8), pp. 907–914. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a100907.
Karos D. & Peters H. (2015). Indirect control and power in mutual control structures. Games and Economic Behavior, 92, pp. 150–165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geb.2015.06.003.
Kołodziej M. (2011). Indirect Control of Corporations: Analysis of Models and Their Computer Implementation [Master’s thesis]. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management, Kraków.
Kołodziej M. & Stach I. (2016). Control sharing analysis and simulation. In: T. Sawik (Ed.), ICIL 2016: 13th International Conference on Industrial Logistics, Zakopane, Poland, September 28–October 1, 2016: Conference Proceedings, pp. 101–108. Kraków: AGH University of Science and Technology. URL: https://www.icil.zarz.agh.edu.pl/images/papers/Kolodziej_Stach.pdf.
Krause S.M., Peixoto T.P. & Bornholdt S. (2013). Spontaneous centralization of control in a network of company ownerships. PLOS ONE, 8(12), e80303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080303.
Mercik J. & Łobos K. (2016). Index of implicit power as a measure of reciprocal ownership. In: N.T. Nguyen, R. Kowalczyk & J. Mercik (Eds.), Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence XXIII. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 9760, pp. 128–140. Berlin–Heidelberg: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52886-0_8.
Penrose L.S. (1946). The elementary statistics of majority voting. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (General), 109(1), pp. 53–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2397-2335.1946.tb04638.x.
Penrose L.S. (1952). On the Objective Study of Crowd Behaviour. London: H.K. Lewis & Co.
Rosen K.H. (1991). Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications. 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5555/119952.
Shapley L.S. & Shubik M. (1954). A method for evaluating the distribution of power in a committee system. American Political Science Review, 48(3), pp. 787–792. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1951053.
Stach I. (2011). Shapley–Shubik index. In: K. Dowding (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Power, pp. 603–606. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412994088.n333.
Stach I. (2016). Power measures and public goods. In: N.T. Nguyen, R. Kowalczyk & J. Mercik (Eds.), Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence XXIII. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 9760, pp. 99–110. Berlin–Heidelberg: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52886-0_6.
Straffin P.D. Jr. (1977). Homogeneity, independence, and power indices. Public Choice, 30(1), pp. 107–118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01718820.
Straffin P.D. Jr. (1988). The Shapley–Shubik and Banzhaf power indices as probabilities. In: A.E. Roth (Ed.), The Shapley Value: Essays in Honor of Lloyd S. Shapley, pp. 71–82. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511528446.006.
Straffin P.D. Jr. (1994). Power and stability in politics. In: R.J. Aumann & S. Hart (Eds.), Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications, Vol. 2, pp. 1127–1151. Amsterdam: Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0005(05)80064-5.
Turnovec F. (1999). Privatization, ownership structure and transparency: How to measure the true involvement of the state. European Journal of Political Economy, 15(4), pp. 605–618. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(99)00032-4.
Vitali S., Glattfelder J.B. & Battiston S. (2011). The network of global corporate control. PLOS ONE, 6(10), e25995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025995.
van den Brink R. & Steffen F. (2008). Positional power in hierarchies. In: M. Braham & F. Steffen (Eds.), Power, Freedom, and Voting, pp. 57–81. Berlin–Heidelberg: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73382-9_4.