Benefit tourism – a new concept of the phenomenon and terminology issues

Benefit tourism is a disputable term. This follows from the fact that the definition of tourism even by UNWTO somehow excludes activities whose aim is to gain financial profit from tourist activities. In the fast changing world we are forced to pose a question whether tourism should still be considered as a relatively narrow concept. While leaving their country for work people also get to know the culture of a visited place since they go sightseeing and, most importantly, they mingle with the natives, and through this they get to know the visited country better. Traditional tourism, especially for those unprepared, does not give a chance to experience the real aspects of the visited country. In commercialized tourism a tourist often gets a distorted picture of the region he/she is visiting. Therefore, a proper preparation (education) together with a right attitude of a person leaving his/her country for work, may be a chance to get to know a different culture, gain a new experience and make a network of contacts. Despite numerous dysfunctions resulting from e.g. separation from a family, the phenomenon has also positive aspects because except from getting to know different regions of the world an economical aim is also accomplished and owing to it, people interested in tourism may either in the future or during weekends pursue their tourist hobbies.


Introduction
Among numerous types of tourism, both those traditional and recently developing ones, there are definitions which are not always coherent, homogenous, separable.The concept of "tourism" lacks proper, clear terminology which would allow a precise definition."Benefit tourism" is one of those new terms.For some theorists it may be a terminological novelty, since the definition of tourism excludes taking paid jobs by tourists or travelers.Yet, the fast-changing world, globalization, mcdonaldization and supermarketization also influence the phenomenon of tourism.Therefore, taking paid jobs in some situations may be treated as tourism.
After 1 May 2004 travels and migrations to other countries, especially those in Europe have become so popular that it is necessary to define the term of benefit tourism more precisely.Then, Poland and nine other countries were given membership in the European Union.In subsequent years, and recently on 1 May 2011, other countries opened their work markets for citizens of other states.Until the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989 travelling to work was occasional and rather marginal.Certainly, there were times when due to political turmoil mass migrations occurred, for example, during the solidarity movement at the beginning of 1980s.However, they were often connected with permanent settlement.Temporary economic migrations became more common in the last decades of the twentieth and at the beginning of the twenty first century.Economic migrations affect the whole country, individual households, families and some individuals.Since there are not too many case studies devoted to the above mentioned phenomenon, therefore it is worth trying to analyse and systematize the terminology.
A method of bibliography analysis was applied to analyse and formulate the definition of benefit tourism.The analysis relies on multiple sources of evidence and was conduced on the bases of the most recent case studies, press reports both Polish and English.One of the biggest sources for the analyses are research studies carried out by Polski Ośrodek Badań nad Migracjami (Polish Centre of Migration Studies).A method of interview as well as a method of observation were also implemented into the case study.The study focused on groups of emigrants leaving for work purposes as commonly determined, "for bread".A separate segment constitute wealthy people, traveling to obtain prestige, conduct training, deliver a lecture or gain a higher salary.However, benefit tourism to the fullest extent applies to those seeking decent wages and improvement of the material status.

Benefit tourism in light of the tourism definition and the attempt to define it
Tourism is a multidimensional concept with psychological, social, cultural, spatial and economical aspects, to name but the few, as tourism is connected with many aspects of life.It is, undoubtedly, one of the most complex concepts/ phenomena of the contemporary world.
In 1811 Sporting Magazine defined tourism as: "all trips or journeys made to places attractive in terms of sights and landscape as well as all migrations involving scientific work or pleasure."There were also some attempts to define tourism at the end of the nineteenth century.The first encyclopedic definition by Emil Littre sounds these days rather original: "tourism is a journey made in order to satisfy curiosity and kill time" (Libera, 1969).In the second half of the nineteenth century tourism was elite-oriented and was done by the rich who exercised their free time or travellers, explorers, scientists, writers and those avid for new sensations.It was not until the first World War in Europe that the concept of tourism started to polarize and three directions emerged.The first was connected with mass recreation, the second was called sports tourism and the third had to do with the development of tourism in economic sector.The concept of tourism at the beginning of the twenty first century may be understood likewise.
After the analysis of many definitions viewed from different angles, one can claim that tourism can be either conscious or unconscious.In the contemporary world tourism is a mass phenomenon, therefore it is hard to formulate one precise definition of it.Thus, it can be assumed that part of the society travels consciously, in other words, they consider themselves tourists.The other, however, does not view their travels in this way and does not consider all the activities connected with their journeys tourism.Following this assumption, tourism may be defined as: "all journeys undertaken by individuals outside the place of their permanent residence, which, in their subjective opinion, count as tourist activities" (Różycki, 2009).
According to Walter Hunziker (1951), the economist, "tourism is a set of relations and occurrences resulting from a visitor's journey and stay as long as he/she does not intend settling and taking a paid job."There is a criterion showing a certain discrepancy between profit and nonprofit activities and between settled or nomadic lifestyle.The contemporary world often creates situations when business is combined with pleasure, that is to say, where both tourist and business aims are accomplished.As a result, it is more and more often believed that the two aims do not necessarily contradict each other.Especially from the perspective of tourism and travelrelated services, where the aim of the arrival is not the most important, because every tourist uses similar or identical package of services.Hence, a modern view on tourism is changing.Old definitions gradually wear thin, and the differences both between gainful activities and work, as well as nomadic and settled lifestyle blur.
UNTWO casts light on creating a homogeneous terminology for the concept of tourism.According to the definition which the International Conference of Statistics in Tourism accepted in 1991 on a conference organized in Ottawa, tourism is "...of all individuals' activities, who travel in order to relax, on business or for other reasons for no longer than a year nonstop, but not within their usual place of living, except for journeys/travels they make whose main aim is a paid job done in a visited place."This definition does not treat benefit tourism as a form of tourism.Obviously this definition is not precise either since business trips are connected with a job performed, similarly to MICE concept (meeting, incentive, conference, events).Therefore, the arguable term "benefit tourism" may belong to those terms that are not linked to the old, traditional concept of tourism, but it surly reflects new trends in the world travelling, sightseeing and getting in personal contact with a visited place.
From the definition formulated by Przecławski (1996) it follows that "tourism is of special activities connected with temporary and willing change of residence, rhythm and the place of living and getting into personal contact with a visited environment (cultural, wildlife and social)".It does not exclude benefit tourism from the general meaning of tourism.Because the meaning of the concept 'tourism' is expanding increasingly, therefore the above definition seems relevant.Especially, that the author does not only focus on a wide but also a narrow meaning of tourism, where among many major motives he names mainly those cognitive, aesthetic and recreational ones (Kruczek, 2005).
However, in the following definitions rarely appears a statement which allows enclosure of trips for business purposes into tourism.
It was Różycki who introduced the concept of benefit tourism, when people (often students) leave their place of living for some period of time (usually for a few months or in summertime) and work in order to improve their current financial status.They work only for some period of time during the summer holiday, the rest of the spare time they spend on relaxing, sightseeing or gaining new qualifications.It may happen that because of an economic situation or a high unemployment level people are, as it were, economically forced to leave their country of origin in order to find a job and enhance their financial status.
Yet, it must be said that the concept of benefit tourism requires conducting constant studies.At this stage the following definition may be suggested: "benefit tourism is of all travels/ journeys outside the place of permanent residence whose primary objective is job taking to obtain financial resources for existence or to enhance financial status.An additional element of a stay is to make a personal contact with a visited place by getting to know the culture, wildlife and social life.The stay in a visited place should be longer than a week but not longer than a year.

Benefit and social tourism
In May 2011 the interim period for the citizens of Poland and other countries from the A8 group ended, during which they were required to register with WRS (Workers Registration Scheme) immediately after arriving in Great Britain.Other restrictions, such as, partial access to British benefits, were also imposed on them (Fig. 1).
However, the situation has changed completely.Right now our compatriots not only will be subjected to no registration but they will also be able to apply for benefits, which until now only British citizens were entitled to.Those were mainly: housing benefit, council tax benefit and jobseeker's allowance.The existing situation has failed to meet the approval of some political parties as well as some citizens since they have been afraid that the current situation will result in a new mass wave of emigration.
However, the Department of Work and Pension assures that their priority is protection of the benefit system and at the same time prevention from the occurrence of the problem of benefit tourism.
Therefore, before a decision about granting a benefit is taken, emigrants are required to meet Habitual Residence Test.It was introduced in 1994 by the conservative party as an answer to the propagation of scare stories concerning benefit tourism.
During a test each emigrant applying for a benefit will have to prove that he/she has the full right to reside in Great Britain and has been there for some time now, resides on the Isles willingly and does not intend to settle there permanently.It follows that benefit tourism would force permanent settlement, yet, this fact excludes these individuals from tourists (Fig. 2).

The concept and theories of migration, immigration and emigration
In many scientific studies on migration appear definitions connected with it, these are immigration and emigration.In order to accurately use the above terminology the appropriate is an explanation of these three concepts.The Polish Language Dictionary explains it as follows.Emigration -is the leave of the home country, a permanent or temporary settlement abroad, emigration.Emigration can be constant, periodic, due to political or economic reasons.Immigration -the influx of foreign people to some country in order to settle temporarily or permanently.Migration -wandering, population movement to change the location permanently or temporarily, both within the country and from one country to another, movement or resettlement of the population (Szymczak, 1988).
In the scientific literature there are many definitions of migration.This is due to the multidimensional nature of the phenomenon, which is also associated with the obligation to test for a number of aspects.The number of scientific disciplines deal with it among others: economics, sociology, psychology, demography, geography, history and political science.Of great importance is the fact that studies on migration are carried out both on a regional, national as well as European or even global level.
According to the definition, which was applied in the study of the Central Statistical Office, Migration of population these are movements associated with the change of residence (permanent or temporary residence) combined with crossing the administrative border of a basic territorial unit.Migration is therefore the change of the municipality of residence or in the case of urban and rural, moving from urban to rural areas of this municipality, or vice versa.Migration is also, of course, a change of the country of residence.Migration is not change of an address within the same municipality, rural, urban or rural parts of urban and rural municipalities.Migration does not include short-term movements, lasting up to two months, including [from 2005 -3 months], and for example such crossings between the residence village and the work or study village (the so-called swing movements) and movements of tourist (Kostrzewa, Stańczak, 2003).
A shortcoming of this definition, however, is that it does not take into account the displacement of the population lasting less than three months, and so called swing movement that is commuting between home and work or taking studies (Stelmachowicz-Pawyza, Świeżawska-Ambroziak, 2009) (Fig. 3).
To define strictly the concept of migration Standing (1984) proposed the following criteria for mobility:

1) Spatial criterion
Territorial migration/mobility is treated here as a movement for some distance.The most important is however, to determine what exactly is meant by the terms: starting point and a destination, and in overcoming distance.In the first two issues dominate the practical issues, the perception of the area by the administrative functions that it fulfills.Whereas, when it comes to physical distance, the issue is more serious.Practically speaking, in fact rarely is used the concept of distance between two points, and its derivatives (for example travel costs), reducing the scope of this criterion only to the needs of crossing specific administrative boundaries.Therefore, in the case of international migration it will be a state border.
Many researchers also take into account other dimensions of space, such as the economic environment or society.Change of the first that is the movement between locations with different economic models of behavior (rural-urban, underdeveloped countries -industrialized country, suburbs of the city-center).Whereas the change of the second constitutes the basis for the classic definition formulated by Eisenstadt in 1953, according to whom, the migration is "(…) the physical transition of an individual or group from one society to another.This transition usually requires abandoning a social environment and entry into another, of a different nature."In this case, to a greater extent than when it was about the economic changes, mobility is seen in terms of separation: people traveling must (choose) the separation from family, friends, broadly speaking, ethnic group, nation, which means a change in the existing social relations.

2) The criterion of residence/domicile
This criterion has quite a long tradition.Everett Lee (1966) defined migration as a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence, without any restrictions on the movement distance and the nature of it (internal or external, forced or voluntary).However, according to Donald Bogue (1959) the nature of migration concerns exactly such types of mobility.This means that it is necessary to distinguish between the concept of mobility (not related to the change of residence) and migration [which, according to Wilbur Zelinsky (1971) requires a semi-permanent or permanent change of residence] (Fig. 4).

3) The criterion of time
Time criterion applies both the determination of the minimum time in which migration takes place, and time of stay in a new economic environment/society.It allows us to separate migrants from the tourists, who also often travel long distances and many times change (temporarily) the social environment.It was not so much about the theoretical issues, as far as practical (statistics).For the assumed limit it was taken at the period of 12 months and mostly it is based on the category of permanent change of residence/domicile.

4) The criterion of activity
In this case the activity is understood in two ways: as a change of residence/domicile and the place where there are performed various kinds of activities (mainly professional career).This means that they may create a lot of combinations, equivalent to many forms of mobility, for example, one can change job place without changing the location (commuting), As one can see, these criteria often either do not have common points, or do not intersect.This means that it is difficult to create a single, general definition of a migrant.Separate definitions are created in the different fields of science dealing with the subject.They are combined by the fact that they all refer to migration, as a sub-concept of spatial mobility.Whereas, they are differed by the attitude to the change of residence, social environment, culture or subculture, the duration of mobility, distance, keeping up or breaking ties between migrants and their place of origin (Hoffman-Novotny, 1981).
However, this definition was neither correct nor easy.The biggest problem was the need to collect data on not only the present but also the past of the particular person.The controversy has raised the requirement of continuous residence in the country (outside of it), quite difficult to fulfill in today's world.Difficulties in defining mobility is also a fact that the definition is based on the declared length of stay, during which the detailed person is going to stay in a particular place, or time which elapsed from now.Typically, it is difficult to determine whether these declarations actually come to fruition, which means that the type of mobility is possible to determine, in principle, only at the time of death or return of a person to their country of origin.A much easier method for the criterion takes the registered change of residence place, in Poland it applies to permanent residence.
Among the main criteria is the time, owing to which one may separate the temporary migrants and settlement (permanent) ones.Due to demographic and statistic considerations the best option is to determine the minimum duration of stay for 12 months.Therefore, it should be taken, that in the most countries it is needed more than one year to obtain the right of permanent residence.However, this issue should be considered in a broader sense.In a study of mobility the main emphasis is usually on behavior that can be described as permanent migration.Most of the definitions of the concept of migration is understood only by such territorial mobility, which involves a change of residency.This is a result of the fact that many studies on migration are performed at the macro level.For those studies there are used the statistical data collected at the national level or data relating to administrative units, which is possible only when applied to rigid criteria (such as check-in and check-out of permanent residence) that are difficult to distinguish in terms of the mobility of the time.It should be noted that there is no justification for limits in studies only to the level of settlement mobility.Focusing only on this, it really tests abstraction, because in reality everyone is in constant motion, and settlement is only one of these possibilities.Omission of this fact in temporary migration studies creates a false picture of reality (Hugo, 1982).
Another problem is the question of the place of residence, because a person may or may not have it at all, or have more than one.Also important are the issues of citizenship and nationality.In the analysis of concepts such as citizenship, nationality or country of origin are often used interchangeably, which greatly simplifies the actual situation (Salt, Singleton, 1995).

Determinants and patterns of migration
The simplest economic models point to the consequences of the migration stream in real wage differences in markets that emerge from the uneven degree of tightness in the labor market.Todaro and Harris (1970) improved this simple model, creating a widely wider explanation, that the migration is powered to a greater extent by expected than actual differences between wages.Although, this model has been created in order to understand internal migration in less developed economies, the authors approach to explicitly modeling of "expected" pay gap has been widely generalized in formal explanations of international migration, because it reflected the uncertainty that migrants will be able to successfully find better paid jobs elsewhere.
However, as it was observed by Bauer and Zimmermann (1999), predictions based on this simple economic model had mixed success in explaining and predicting the migration by the different regions.These authors found that in many studies, differences in wages as well as in employment (associated with the probability of finding a position abroad) were statistically significant factors for the anticipated direction of migration in only half of the respondents.In many cases, these differences appear to represent the opposite of the desired effect.
Migration motives (Tab. 1) can be described as a combination of style socially, ethnically and politically linked push factors from the country of origin (relatively low wages, high unemployment, slow job growth, relatively high cost of living) and attract (pull) factors to the destination country (high wages, low unemployment, relatively low cost of living).

Migration motives are also motives of benefit tourism and socio-beneficial tourism
One of the most important causes of migration is the difference in wages or living standards generally understood.However, one may expect that the global labor market, demographic trends and lower travel costs will lead to an even larger scale of migration, especially from poor countries with low level of economic development (Drela, 2008).
It is important to look at the differences in the perception of the sending country and the receiving country.The first is the well-known to individuals, the people do not usually take rush decisions and judgments about it.The second, is often poorly known; declaration made on it (positive or not) often arise only after some time from the moment of residence.In the case of the destination country there is also the issue of not having the knowledge on the conditions, or even the mystery, which leads to the idealization, yet before migration.The case is different when it comes to the place of origin.This is because it is usually associated with the period of carefree childhood, which was not accompanied by feeling of responsibility.This, in turn, decides on assigning the same positive features to this place, but on the contrary, the problems of assimilation in the destination location conduce to the formation of the negative reviews and bad judgments about the positive and negative factors of destination (Lee, 1966).
We are also dealing with some personal factors that have different effects on migration decisions.Intelligence, sensitivity and knowledge on the conditions prevailing in different places affect the assessment of the country of origin.However, the state of knowledge existing in the target country is dependent on its widely inaccessible contacts and sources.Important is also the personality difference of people making the migration decision.Some people are not at all inclined to any change of residence, while others decide to change itself.Some people need to get something or someone forced them to migrate, while others need only encouragement and promise (Iglicka-Okólska, 1998).

The effects of migration and benefit tourism dysfunction and eufunctions
From the perspective of migration management, it is important to note that the effects of migration can be divided into the positive (benefits) and negative (costs).What is more, they can be captured depending on the perspective and scale in which the concept of migration itself is considered, which may refer to: -world Economy, -economy of the countries and regions, -economies and local communities, -families of migrants (households), -migrants themselves.
These effects can be felt in both the sending and receiving countries.Among them, there are some thematic areas: -economic (investment, financial flows, increased competition, the situation on the labor market), -demographic (changes in the structure and size of the population), -cultural and social issues (problems with assimilation, need to adapt for example schools to receive children from other cultures, other functioning families, the creation of new international route network, brain drain and brain waste), -psychological (ordinates not only the migrants themselves but also their families remaining in their place of origin).People staying temporarily in order to gain profit abroad spend their free time on various entertainment, recreation and tourism practice time away from home.Often, it is also learning a foreign language and raising skills, so also additionally there are cultivated such forms of tourism as educational or linguistic.It would seem that the Poles residing in exile in the UK mainly focus on making money, sending them to Poland or deposition, as well as learning language and raising up-skills.However, there is a dark side of life in exile.Well, so many of our countrymen work there under their own qualifications, taking the worst jobs and the worst drowning sadness in alcohol, longing for loved ones and fear of exile.From the report "Bitter migration bread", conducted by professor Jack Kurzępa results that excessive drinking is a major problem among Polish immigrants.However, as emphasized by psychologists, all of these problems (such as alcoholism, drug addiction, betrayals), they brought with them from Polish.In the UK, they are just more visible (Kim, 2008).
The leave reasons are usually better wages, the second locates the desire to spend time with close family, very little, because about 8% of the respondents said that the reason for departure is the desire to increase their qualifications.Perhaps, this is precisely reflected in the fact that a lot of people living in exile, work below their qualifications, because more important for them are earnings (and so higher than in the country of origin).The other economic migration motives are: curiosity, a desire for adventure, opportunity to learn language, lack of jobs at home, the desire to change the environment, or more specifically, the desire to live in another country or city and getting to know the atmosphere of the place.
Migrants spend much of their free time on daily activities (mainly shopping), or simply stay at home and resting passively, several percent select events with friends or going out to clubs and pubs, the same number of respondents declared that they spend their time visiting as well as spending time actively for example: the gym or swimming pool.So we can talk about cultural tourism as well as active recreation.Very few, because only 7% of people in their spare time learn the language.The same amount of respondents choose more organized types of entertainment (matches or concerts).In the group there were different answers, that migrants spend free time on visiting relatives or drinking alcohol.Surprisingly a lot, as much as almost 70% of respondents said that they spend their free time in accordance with their interests.Good to know that while staying in exile, they do not have to give up anything at the cost of something else.They do just what they like.
Among the expats and benefit tourists one can see also broadly understood relationships with their homeland, as evidenced not only by buying Polish products, but also the use of the Polish media, which means that despite the presence of Poles in exile, they are still interested in the situation taking place in their homeland.Research shows that Poles in the UK spend their free time shopping, or watching TV or computer than in museums.Apart from the fact that almost all of their free time they spend with other Poles, most of them also stated that even the most vacation leave for their home country, which again points to a deep relationship with Poland.

Summary
Benefit tourism is not a completely new phenomenon and a totally new concept, on the contrary, it has been develop-

Streszczenie
Turystyka zarobkowa -nowa koncepcja zjawiska i problematyka terminologiczna Paweł Różycki, Katarzyna Kąkol Wstęp Pośród licznych rodzajów turystyki, tych tradycyjnych i wciąż przybywających nowych, pojawiają się definicje, które nie zawsze są jednolite, spójne i rozłączne.Brakuje przejrzystej, jasnej terminologii, która pozwoliłaby precyzyjnie określać zjawiska turystyczne.Pośród takich nowych terminów lokuje się "turystyka zarobkowa".Dla niektórych teoretyków może być terminologicznym novum, gdyż podejmowanie pracy zarobkowej przez podróżnych i turystów jest wykluczane poza obręb aktywności turystycznej i nieujmowane w definicjach turystyki.Jednak szybko zmieniający się świat, postępująca globalizacja, makdonaldyzacja i super-ing over centuries.However, the only problems it may cause concern definition and terminology, especially when some researchers do not include this type of tourism in the definition of tourism.Yet, in the contemporary, developed world which offers so many possibilities to spend free time, work itself cannot constrain and it does not constrain an individual from being occupied with work only.Those who reside temporarily, especially in another country and, what is more, in attractive destinations in order to work, benefit at times in terms of cognition and education far more than tourists going with travel agents on commercialized holiday, where they can see "a commercialized, tourist-oriented product."Many times they are not able to see the "real thing" that is to say the true aspect of the country or the city.Therefore, only blending, what is more, temporary blending into a new environment/place of a visited country allows a cognition of a new place.
Over time, not only have emigration destinations changed but also reasons behind decisions to leave one's country.Wars, uprisings and other important historical events in our country have played a considerable role in emigration, when emigration itself was the sole chance for a flight and, what follows, survival or just finding a safe place for living.It was only after some time when journeys, especially to Great Britain, took the form of benefit tourism.Initially, they were mostly illegal, therefore it was difficult to estimate the factual scale of the problem.At present, the situation looks different most of all thanks to the opening of job markets in many European contraries.